The striking transformation in Denmark’s immigration policies presents a complex and thought-provoking situation in the realm of European politics. While Denmark is often stereotypically perceived as a liberal bastion, the country’s shift towards stringent immigration laws contradicts this image. As highlighted by Marie Sandberg, Director of the Centre for Advanced Migration Studies (AMIS) at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark’s immigration stance has become emblematic of restrictive policies within Europe, especially regarding asylum seekers and economic migrants.
The remarkable aspect of Denmark’s hardline immigration policies is not simply their existence but the political orientation of those advocating for them. It is a common misconception that right-wing factions dominate the discourse surrounding migration; however, in Denmark, it is the centre-left politicians spearheading these initiatives. The political landscape here illustrates a surprising and unintended complexity within European discourse on immigration and integration, fostering questions about whether similar strategies could be beneficial for other countries, including the UK’s Labour government.
The urgency of migration has emerged as a pivotal issue across Europe amidst various crises, such as the war in Ukraine and economic stagnation. Within Denmark, the historical context of immigration has been shaped by post-World War II dynamics, particularly accelerating after the 2015 refugee crisis when a notable spike in asylum applications overwhelmed European nations. Data from the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) reveals that the percentage of Danish residents with immigrant backgrounds has drastically increased since the mid-1980s, indicating a significant demographic shift.
The 2015 influx of migrants prompted significant public anxiety, leading to populist slogans like “Danskerne Først” or “Danes First” that echoed prevalent fears regarding national identity and welfare. The government became notorious for heavy-handed measures, including the controversial policy allowing the confiscation of asylum seekers’ valuables to cover the costs of their stay. Such drastic actions have echoed across international arenas, with political figures, including the Danish immigration minister, celebrating the enactment of restrictive laws through various public spectacles.
Moreover, the Danish government has proposed facilitating the processing of migrants on external territories, such as Rwanda or distant islands, under laws passed in 2021. These measures have drawn criticism for fostering a hostile environment for immigrants, aimed at dissuading prospective arrivals. Critics like Alberto Horst Neidhardt indicate that such legislation not only alienates potential refugees but also increasingly positions Denmark in contention with established humane principles concerning asylum rights.
Amidst these tensions, the Danish political narrative has been led by the Social Democrats under Mette Frederiksen. Responding to the behemothic rise of the anti-immigration Danish People’s Party, the Social Democrats have shifted sharply rightward. This strategic pivot has been rationalized as a means to protect vulnerable Danish citizens and welfare systems, ensuring that the benefits derived from high taxation are safeguarded for the native population. Critiques of Frederiksen’s policies suggest a veneer of sincerity in her motives, yet the efficacy of such hardline strategies in fostering social cohesion remains debatable.
Interestingly, the Danish example contrasts starkly with approaches taken by other European nations, such as Spain. Here, the centre-left government helmed by Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez seeks to facilitate greater immigration as a cornerstone of economic resilience, emphasizing the need for migrant labor in light of an aging society and depreciating birth rates. This parallel exemplifies a broader theme across Europe, where centre-left and right-wing parties are increasingly adopting each other’s traditionally held rhetoric and policies on immigration.
As the global landscape shifts, the success of immigration policies can be evaluated from numerous perspectives. As of June 2025, Denmark has reported its lowest number of asylum claims in 40 years, although some observers assert this success may come at the cost of international reputation and adherence to humanitarian standards. Conversely, Spain’s commitment to managing migration is still aspirational, embroiled in public skepticism regarding integration efficacy.
Ultimately, the multifaceted narratives stemming from Denmark, Spain, and broader Europe challenge conventional political classifications and reveal potent insights into contemporary migration issues. The real question lies in whether genuine and sustainable policies can balance national integrity and humanitarian values, fostering an environment conducive to both local and immigrant communities thriving harmoniously.